UK’s richest will pollute 22 times more than poorest from travel, study warns

The most affluent emit more from domestic transport than those on the lowest income. Domestic transport emissions per capita by transport profile in 2024

The richest 4% of UK households are on course to emit 13 times more carbon than the poorest 14% from their domestic travel by 2035, estimates a new report from the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR). This would be up from the ten-fold gap today, says the think tank.

It adds that, once international travel is included, the richest are expected to emit 22 times more than the poorest – up from 20 times today.

Growing emissions inequality is driven by the largely unrestricted mobility of affluent groups, who travel six times further a year on average than those on the lowest incomes, according to the IPPR.

The poorest in society are on track to cut their emissions the quickest, and the wealthiest will remain the highest emitters in absolute terms, despite their ability to afford new electric vehicles (EVs), the research found.

Additionally, while the wealthiest will benefit from lower transport costs due to cheaper EV running costs, the lowest income groups face rising costs as public transport fares continue to increase.

The Government’s current approach places minimal demands on high emitters and fails to address the widening gap in domestic transport emissions, the IPPR states.

It calculates that under existing policy, traffic is set to rise by 12% by 2035. In contrast, IPPR’s proposed ‘fairer pathway’ would reduce traffic by 25%, cut emissions faster, and improve access to transport for low-income households.

The IPPR calls for reducing the need to travel by improving access to jobs, services, and amenities locally, especially for those currently locked into car dependency.

It places greater responsibility on those who contribute most to emissions and have the greatest resources to change their travel habits, ensuring that climate action benefits everyone.

Key recommendations include:

• Invest in public transport: increase funding for buses to at least £3. 1bn and capital spending on active travel to at least £2bn a year by 2030
• Better account for the environmental and social costs of transport by raising fuel duty, increasing VED on oversized, high polluting SUVs and increasing taxes on private jets and domestic flights.
• Pause expansion of airports and major roads: Introduce a moratorium on new airport capacity and large-scale road building. The Third Road Investment Strategy (RIS3) must prioritise renewal and resilience of existing assets and no airport expansion should go ahead until a capacity framework is in place that ensures it can be delivered in-line with the UK’s climate commitments.
• Set a modal shift target that at least matches the Climate Change Committee’s stretch target of a 10% shift from cars to public transport and active travel by 2035 with a linked target to reduce levels of private vehicle traffic by 25%.

Stephen Frost, IPPR's Head of Transport Policy, said: “The richest households are driving the bulk of emissions, and they have the greatest capacity to change. Fairness isn’t a barrier to climate action – it’s the key to unlocking it. A fairer approach doesn’t just cut carbon faster, it builds a healthier, more inclusive transport system for everyone.”

Fairer is Faster - The route to greener and healthier domestic transport